46 THD analysis

GM tester modified today to add an option to disconnect the CCS bypass capacitor so can drive the valve with an external signal and measure THD from output in common-cathode mode. The input is calibrated to produce 10Vrms (22.22dBu) at the anode and then signal is fed into the PC through the Pete Millet’s interface:

Did some sample tests with a set of lovely globe CX301a achieving THDs from 0.27% to 0.35%.

When looking at a driver valve such as 46 (triode-strapped) got THD values of around 0.05-0.09% for good valves. When picked up the faulty one I had discovered yesterday with the curve tracer, the THD shown to be 0.20% and over 0.35% in the worst one.

Need to retake these measures as the soundcard interface got damaged and results are showing significant distortion

The PC generates a low distortion sine wave which is fed into the valve grid through the input capacitor. This is the same setup used for the transconductance test. The CCS in the anode is unbypassed to ensure the anode signal is not shunted to ground. The output is then taken out through the output PIO capacitor and fed back into the PC input adapter (Pete Millett’s sound card interface). Audiotester is used then to measure THD at 1kHz.

Finishing the curve tracer

Today I did a bit of extra work on the curve tracer with a view of finishing it. It has been a long and painful journey, but I’m reaching the end of it.

The transconductance tester is working perfect. I need to use the following ranges in my true RMS AC voltmeter:

0-2,000 μmho: 100mVrms scale
2,000μmho-50,0000μmho: 1Vrms scale

It’s probably the DC bias which affects the low scale. As an example when testing a 46 in triode mode (see datasheet for details), I tried the following operating point: Vg=-33V, Ia=22mA and the measure should be around 2.35 mVrms over 220mVdc. But in my bench voltmeter, above 17mA in the 46 doesn’t like it and cannot measure it, so need to change scale. I tested low transconductance valves in the lower AC scale such as CX301a, 26, 4P1L, 71a and then using the high AC scale, used 6e5P, 6C45, 6N6P amongst others.

The tracer now has a common-mode mains filter. This was required as at certain times during the day, specially in the evenings when the mains is really noise or my wife is using the microwave oven!, when tracing curves with the 1Ω sensing resistor and low anode currents (e.g. CX301a) then the noise level was sufficient to impact and distort the traced image. With the common-mode mains filter it works brilliantly.

Now need to place bottom plate and standing feet. Job done then and will move to some proper audio work!

Testing the circuit today, I measured 29 46 valves. Ended up discarding two which measured low and then when tested with the tracer found that curves weren’t good at all. Probably electrode misalignment as they weren’t just with low transconductance. Will upload some examples as it’s very interesting to see the difference

Cunningham CX301a

These RCA Cunningham CX-301a have short pins so had to use an external socket to trace the curves. They look really nice and the pair I got measure nearly 100%!

Measuring Transconductance (Gm)

GM tester jig circuit

After a bit of work, got the transconductance jig working fine. Made an obvious omission which was not bypassing the CCS. The CCS present a very high impedance in AC to the circuit, therefore not developing the current variation on the measuring resistor. Bypassed by an electrolytic presents a path to ground.

Listening to the 45 Single Ended (SE) Amplifier

A perfect and warm sound

Hard to describe in words what I felt when I played first time “Goodbye Pork Pie Hat” from Charles Mingus. Perhaps it was the due to the fact that I play saxophone, but inevitably for me this song is one of the best ones to test the response of any amplifier. Sax duets, solos, a great bass line and varied moods along the way can take the amplifier to their best of their abilities. Being a jazz fan, couldn’t help myself when listening this amplifier for the first time. I used to play an EL34 push-pull, and liked its sound and power – specially for rock. But when it comes to the first watt, this amplifier is breathless. Pure and a warm tone. Playing this song made me understand all the fuzz about single ended amps. But, far from opening the debate about that, I’m sure that a 45/46 in push-pull has its own merits and would probably will one of those amps I’d like to build in the future.

Having a FE167E full-range driver that have a relatively high efficiency (94dB/W), the 45 SE doesn’t sound low. It has its own personality. Brilliant for jazz, it may need a tad of power perhaps when playing some rock and classic stuff.

It took me some time to optimise the driver stage. Started with an SRPP, then a paralleled 6SL7 to an 6J5 loaded with a gyrator in mu-follower achieving less than 0.20% THD at 150 Vpp. A great driver in my opinion. Now need to replace the 6J5 for the lovely 7193.

It looks like a Frankenstein valve, but it’s a lovely thing to me. Many claim that it’s a superior valve compared to the 6SN7/6J5 or even CV1988.

Adding the 7193 will require opening my 45SE and not having music at home for some time so at the moment is not what I have in mind.

Perhaps when I get the 4-65A up and running? It will take some time for that…

DHT preamp evolution

My 01a DHT preamplifier has performed flawlessly over the last 4 months or so. I do enjoy its warm sound and clear tone. I do prefer it to my 26 OT preamp, despite everyone says the contrary. I personally feel that the thoriated tungsten filament gives some sonic unique mark to the sound here.

I want to do the following test and compare differences in sound:

1) Gyrator load
2) Antitriode load
3) Choke
4) OT

Have my LL1660s which can take out temporarily from the 26 preamp, and also got a couple of chokes to use as well, oil caps, etc?

What do you think?

Updated 6e5P SPICE model

Having fixed the bias offset problem in my tester (actually my oscilloscope). I took again the curves this evening to get a better model….

If you want to read how did I manage to get here, please read this post

6e5p bias fixed — 6e5p triode strapped curves (offset fixed so grid voltages are fine now!)

Measuring valve transconductance

Today I breadboarded the CCS I will use for the transconductance tester jig which is an addition to my curve tracer:

Bias circuit is a classic from fixed bias amplifiers. I had the 80V available from the curve tracer circuit. The meter is an external panel AC voltmeter which is a trueRMS meter that will measure accurately the 1kHz signal.

The MOSFET CCS is a simple cascoded which can help setting the valve current and operating point. I source it with my bench variable HT power supply, which also helps in setting out the operating point.

We know that we need to have a small AC signal in the grid to increase the accuracy of the Gm test as the transconductance is given by:

$G_{m}=\frac{\Delta I_{a}}{\Delta V_{g}} _{\Delta V_{a}=0}$

So can’t feed with 1Vrms, so will use 100mVrms. If a valve has a transconductance of 1mA/V, then the variance in the anode current will be of 100uA (rms). This represents a challenge to measure accurately using an anode resistor of 10 ohms for example since the developed AC voltage across the resistor will be 1mV (rms). Therefore we will use an anode resistor of 100 ohms which will help capturing small transconductance values as this one.

Edit:

Found that the CCS bypass was omitted in my first circuit. Also the sensing resistor was reduced to 10 ohms to accommodate the AC true-rms meter I have. See updates on this post here

6e5p triode-strapped

The 6e5p is high-frequency indirectly-heated tetrode from our friends in Russia. The specifications can be found here. Anode can easily dissipate 8W and screen can take up to 2W and has a high transconductance of around 30 mA/V

Wired as triode this chap becomes very attractive. The anode resistance drops to around 900Ω – 1KΩ and effective mu is about 30-35. This turns this valve into a low anode, medium mu and high transconductance fellow which is highly regarded as a driver in SE amplifiers. Check out there in the jungle and you will find many good examples of how this valve is being used effectively.

When testing this valve on my curve tracer I found that it probes to be a challenging device. You need to leave this guy running on its own for a while (Lars recommended 30 min to 1 hour). I found that indeed after 20-30 min it stabilise.

Dmitry came up with a very good model. When I created a model based on my curves found a mismatch between my notes and simulation. Checking my notes I think I set up the tester to start plotting curves at 0V with a step of -0.5V, however looking at the model produced by Dmitry’s tool, I got this:

6e5p-triode model — SPICE model to fit 6e5p in triode mode

It looks like the curves starts at -2V. Need to re-check and probably trace this valve again. Either way it does match very well and not far off from Dmitry’s model from above.

Here is my model.

I’m planning to use this valve in my OTL (cap-less) headphone amp. Stay tuned…

Continue reading “6e5p triode-strapped”

Listening to headphone amplifier

Just a dream. I will get to build that nice OTL headphone amp. Can’t complain though, I enjoy so much listening to my 45 SE with headphones….