{"id":5481,"date":"2016-04-17T20:46:19","date_gmt":"2016-04-17T19:46:19","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/?p=5481"},"modified":"2016-04-17T20:46:19","modified_gmt":"2016-04-17T19:46:19","slug":"differential-buffer-and-preamp","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/2016\/04\/17\/differential-buffer-and-preamp\/","title":{"rendered":"Differential buffer and preamp"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>As part of improving my bench test gear to do sweep tests and impedance measurements, I ended up building a great preamp and buffer gig based on the SSM2019 device as described previously <a href=\"http:\/\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/2016\/02\/28\/sweep-buffer\/\">here<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Here is the main circuit for the preamp:<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_5482\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5482\" style=\"width: 584px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Preamp-circuit.jpg\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"5482\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/2016\/04\/17\/differential-buffer-and-preamp\/preamp-circuit\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Preamp-circuit.jpg?fit=1280%2C844&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1280,844\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;2.2&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;iPhone 5s&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1457291314&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;4.15&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;80&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0.03030303030303&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Preamp circuit\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;SSM2019 preamp&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Preamp-circuit.jpg?fit=840%2C554&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"size-large wp-image-5482\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Preamp-circuit-1024x675.jpg?resize=584%2C385\" alt=\"SSM2019 preamp\" width=\"584\" height=\"385\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Preamp-circuit.jpg?resize=1024%2C675&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Preamp-circuit.jpg?resize=300%2C198&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Preamp-circuit.jpg?resize=768%2C506&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Preamp-circuit.jpg?resize=455%2C300&amp;ssl=1 455w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Preamp-circuit.jpg?w=1280&amp;ssl=1 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 584px) 85vw, 584px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-5482\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">SSM2019 preamp<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The circuit is same as described before. I added a rotary switch to select gain from 0dB to 60dB (ignore the diagram labels). The circuit has a DC input (differential floating) and an AC input for voltages less than 60V. There is a switch for AC\/DC selection and also a switch to ground\u00a0the negative input for DC mode when we don&#8217;t want it floating.<\/p>\n<p>The preamp AC output is not shown but is a 1uF with a 220k resistor to ground.<\/p>\n<p>The buffer circuit is similar to the above but without AC circuit and no gain selection.<\/p>\n<h1>Build<\/h1>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p>I used a small aluminium box to fit the whole thing. I drilled both sides to fit the BNC connectors, switched etc. A bit tight but all fit:<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/IMG_2683.jpg\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"5484\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/2016\/04\/17\/differential-buffer-and-preamp\/img_2683\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/IMG_2683-e1460921229842.jpg?fit=640%2C480&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"640,480\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;2.2&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;iPhone 5s&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1458989456&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;4.15&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;32&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0.0042194092827004&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;3&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"IMG_2683\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/IMG_2683-e1460921229842.jpg?fit=640%2C480&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-5484 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/IMG_2683-e1460921229842.jpg?resize=640%2C480\" alt=\"IMG_2683\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/IMG_2683-e1460921229842.jpg?w=640&amp;ssl=1 640w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/IMG_2683-e1460921229842.jpg?resize=300%2C225&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/IMG_2683-e1460921229842.jpg?resize=400%2C300&amp;ssl=1 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 709px) 85vw, (max-width: 909px) 67vw, (max-width: 984px) 61vw, (max-width: 1362px) 45vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>The circuit was built on 3 breadboard PCBs: one for the buffer, one for the preamp and one for the AC coupling circuit:<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/IMG_2779.jpg\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"5485\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/2016\/04\/17\/differential-buffer-and-preamp\/img_2779\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/IMG_2779-e1460921120566.jpg?fit=640%2C480&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"640,480\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;2.2&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;iPhone 5s&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1460199862&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;4.15&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;40&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0.02&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;3&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"IMG_2779\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/IMG_2779-e1460921120566.jpg?fit=640%2C480&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-5485 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/IMG_2779-e1460921120566.jpg?resize=640%2C480\" alt=\"IMG_2779\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/IMG_2779-e1460921120566.jpg?w=640&amp;ssl=1 640w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/IMG_2779-e1460921120566.jpg?resize=300%2C225&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/IMG_2779-e1460921120566.jpg?resize=400%2C300&amp;ssl=1 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 709px) 85vw, (max-width: 909px) 67vw, (max-width: 984px) 61vw, (max-width: 1362px) 45vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/IMG_2780.jpg\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"5483\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/2016\/04\/17\/differential-buffer-and-preamp\/img_2780\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/IMG_2780-e1460921031941.jpg?fit=640%2C480&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"640,480\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;2.2&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;iPhone 5s&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1460199870&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;4.15&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;80&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0.03030303030303&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;3&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"IMG_2780\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/IMG_2780-e1460921031941.jpg?fit=640%2C480&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"wp-image-5483 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/IMG_2780-e1460921031941.jpg?resize=640%2C480\" alt=\"IMG_2780\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/IMG_2780-e1460921031941.jpg?w=640&amp;ssl=1 640w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/IMG_2780-e1460921031941.jpg?resize=300%2C225&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/IMG_2780-e1460921031941.jpg?resize=400%2C300&amp;ssl=1 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 709px) 85vw, (max-width: 909px) 67vw, (max-width: 984px) 61vw, (max-width: 1362px) 45vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h1>\u00a0Testing<\/h1>\n<p>The differential preamp jig works great. Here are some tests:<\/p>\n<p>Starting with the sound card loopback as a reference, the 1kHz distortion is as low as 0.0021%:<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_5487\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5487\" style=\"width: 584px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/0dB-SC-loobpack-test.png\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"5487\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/2016\/04\/17\/differential-buffer-and-preamp\/0db-sc-loobpack-test\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/0dB-SC-loobpack-test.png?fit=1307%2C388&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1307,388\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"0dB SC loobpack test\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Sound card loopback mode 0dB&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/0dB-SC-loobpack-test.png?fit=840%2C249&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"size-large wp-image-5487\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/0dB-SC-loobpack-test-1024x304.png?resize=584%2C173\" alt=\"Sound card loopback mode 0dB\" width=\"584\" height=\"173\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/0dB-SC-loobpack-test.png?resize=1024%2C304&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/0dB-SC-loobpack-test.png?resize=300%2C89&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/0dB-SC-loobpack-test.png?resize=768%2C228&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/0dB-SC-loobpack-test.png?resize=500%2C148&amp;ssl=1 500w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/0dB-SC-loobpack-test.png?w=1307&amp;ssl=1 1307w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 584px) 85vw, 584px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-5487\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sound card loopback mode 0dB<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>When we look at the buffer output:<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_5488\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5488\" style=\"width: 584px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/0dB-buffer.png\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"5488\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/2016\/04\/17\/differential-buffer-and-preamp\/0db-buffer\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/0dB-buffer.png?fit=1308%2C386&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1308,386\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"0dB buffer\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;0dB buffer output&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/0dB-buffer.png?fit=840%2C248&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"size-large wp-image-5488\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/0dB-buffer-1024x302.png?resize=584%2C172\" alt=\"0dB buffer output\" width=\"584\" height=\"172\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/0dB-buffer.png?resize=1024%2C302&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/0dB-buffer.png?resize=300%2C89&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/0dB-buffer.png?resize=768%2C227&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/0dB-buffer.png?resize=500%2C148&amp;ssl=1 500w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/0dB-buffer.png?w=1308&amp;ssl=1 1308w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 584px) 85vw, 584px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-5488\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">0dB buffer output<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>H2 distortion is increased by 8dB. Rest of harmonics remains the same roughly. Overall THD has risen now to 0.0033%.<\/p>\n<p>If we use the AC coupling input distortion is increased slightly;<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_5495\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5495\" style=\"width: 584px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Preamp-AC-input-0dB.png\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"5495\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/2016\/04\/17\/differential-buffer-and-preamp\/preamp-ac-input-0db\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Preamp-AC-input-0dB.png?fit=1311%2C371&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1311,371\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Preamp AC input 0dB\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Preamp 0dB AC input&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Preamp-AC-input-0dB.png?fit=840%2C238&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"size-large wp-image-5495\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Preamp-AC-input-0dB-1024x290.png?resize=584%2C165\" alt=\"Preamp 0dB AC input \" width=\"584\" height=\"165\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Preamp-AC-input-0dB.png?resize=1024%2C290&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Preamp-AC-input-0dB.png?resize=300%2C85&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Preamp-AC-input-0dB.png?resize=768%2C217&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Preamp-AC-input-0dB.png?resize=500%2C141&amp;ssl=1 500w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Preamp-AC-input-0dB.png?w=1311&amp;ssl=1 1311w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 584px) 85vw, 584px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-5495\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Preamp 0dB AC input<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>2dB for H2 and step increase for H3. Overall THD up to 0.0043% or 0.001% increase.<\/p>\n<p>Now, let&#8217;s look at the buffer feeding the preamp configured at 0dB gain:<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_5489\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5489\" style=\"width: 584px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/buffer-plus-pre.png\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"5489\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/2016\/04\/17\/differential-buffer-and-preamp\/buffer-plus-pre\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/buffer-plus-pre.png?fit=1307%2C361&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1307,361\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"buffer plus pre\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Buffer + 0dB Preamp&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/buffer-plus-pre.png?fit=840%2C232&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"size-large wp-image-5489\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/buffer-plus-pre-1024x283.png?resize=584%2C161\" alt=\"Buffer + 0dB Preamp\" width=\"584\" height=\"161\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/buffer-plus-pre.png?resize=1024%2C283&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/buffer-plus-pre.png?resize=300%2C83&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/buffer-plus-pre.png?resize=768%2C212&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/buffer-plus-pre.png?resize=500%2C138&amp;ssl=1 500w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/buffer-plus-pre.png?w=1307&amp;ssl=1 1307w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 584px) 85vw, 584px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-5489\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Buffer + 0dB Preamp<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Overall THD is still very good and just increased to 0.0046%.<\/p>\n<h2>Noise floor tests<\/h2>\n<p>If we short the input we can look at the noise floor of the preamp in the various gain modes:<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_5490\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5490\" style=\"width: 584px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Preamp-0dB-noise-floor.png\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"5490\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/2016\/04\/17\/differential-buffer-and-preamp\/preamp-0db-noise-floor\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Preamp-0dB-noise-floor.png?fit=1308%2C370&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1308,370\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Preamp 0dB noise floor\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;0dB preamp gain noise floor&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Preamp-0dB-noise-floor.png?fit=840%2C238&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"size-large wp-image-5490\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Preamp-0dB-noise-floor-1024x290.png?resize=584%2C165\" alt=\"0dB preamp gain noise floor\" width=\"584\" height=\"165\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Preamp-0dB-noise-floor.png?resize=1024%2C290&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Preamp-0dB-noise-floor.png?resize=300%2C85&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Preamp-0dB-noise-floor.png?resize=768%2C217&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Preamp-0dB-noise-floor.png?resize=500%2C141&amp;ssl=1 500w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Preamp-0dB-noise-floor.png?w=1308&amp;ssl=1 1308w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 584px) 85vw, 584px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-5490\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">0dB preamp gain noise floor<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_5491\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5491\" style=\"width: 584px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Preamp-20dB-noise-floor.png\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"5491\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/2016\/04\/17\/differential-buffer-and-preamp\/preamp-20db-noise-floor\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Preamp-20dB-noise-floor.png?fit=1310%2C369&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1310,369\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Preamp 20dB noise floor\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;20dB preamp gain noise floor&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Preamp-20dB-noise-floor.png?fit=840%2C236&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"size-large wp-image-5491\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Preamp-20dB-noise-floor-1024x288.png?resize=584%2C164\" alt=\"20dB preamp gain noise floor\" width=\"584\" height=\"164\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Preamp-20dB-noise-floor.png?resize=1024%2C288&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Preamp-20dB-noise-floor.png?resize=300%2C85&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Preamp-20dB-noise-floor.png?resize=768%2C216&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Preamp-20dB-noise-floor.png?resize=500%2C141&amp;ssl=1 500w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Preamp-20dB-noise-floor.png?w=1310&amp;ssl=1 1310w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 584px) 85vw, 584px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-5491\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">20dB preamp gain noise floor<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_5492\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5492\" style=\"width: 584px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Preamp-40dB-noise-floor.png\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"5492\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/2016\/04\/17\/differential-buffer-and-preamp\/preamp-40db-noise-floor\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Preamp-40dB-noise-floor.png?fit=1309%2C369&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1309,369\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Preamp 40dB noise floor\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;40dB preamp gain noise floor&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Preamp-40dB-noise-floor.png?fit=840%2C237&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"size-large wp-image-5492\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Preamp-40dB-noise-floor-1024x289.png?resize=584%2C165\" alt=\"40dB preamp gain noise floor\" width=\"584\" height=\"165\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Preamp-40dB-noise-floor.png?resize=1024%2C289&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Preamp-40dB-noise-floor.png?resize=300%2C85&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Preamp-40dB-noise-floor.png?resize=768%2C216&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Preamp-40dB-noise-floor.png?resize=500%2C141&amp;ssl=1 500w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Preamp-40dB-noise-floor.png?w=1309&amp;ssl=1 1309w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 584px) 85vw, 584px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-5492\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">40dB preamp gain noise floor<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_5493\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5493\" style=\"width: 584px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Preamp-60dB-noise-floor.png\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"5493\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/2016\/04\/17\/differential-buffer-and-preamp\/preamp-60db-noise-floor\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Preamp-60dB-noise-floor.png?fit=1307%2C397&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1307,397\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Preamp 60dB noise floor\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;60dB preamp gain noise floor&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Preamp-60dB-noise-floor.png?fit=840%2C255&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"size-large wp-image-5493\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Preamp-60dB-noise-floor-1024x311.png?resize=584%2C177\" alt=\"60dB preamp gain noise floor\" width=\"584\" height=\"177\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Preamp-60dB-noise-floor.png?resize=1024%2C311&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Preamp-60dB-noise-floor.png?resize=300%2C91&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Preamp-60dB-noise-floor.png?resize=768%2C233&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Preamp-60dB-noise-floor.png?resize=500%2C152&amp;ssl=1 500w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Preamp-60dB-noise-floor.png?w=1307&amp;ssl=1 1307w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 584px) 85vw, 584px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-5493\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">60dB preamp gain noise floor<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>This is beautiful. Noise floor is down to less tan 640nV for 60dB gain. The workbench noise is filtering through as well as the MiniPC USB power supply ripple through the USB. With a well filtered and floating DC supply for the Sound card interface this can get even better!<\/p>\n<p>Now if we couple the input in AC mode, noise floor can be as low as 140nV:<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_5494\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5494\" style=\"width: 584px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Preamp-60dB-noise-floor-AC.png\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"5494\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/2016\/04\/17\/differential-buffer-and-preamp\/preamp-60db-noise-floor-ac\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Preamp-60dB-noise-floor-AC.png?fit=1306%2C392&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1306,392\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Preamp 60dB noise floor AC\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;60dB preamp gain noise floor (AC coupling)&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Preamp-60dB-noise-floor-AC.png?fit=840%2C252&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"size-large wp-image-5494\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Preamp-60dB-noise-floor-AC-1024x307.png?resize=584%2C175\" alt=\"60dB preamp gain noise floor (AC coupling)\" width=\"584\" height=\"175\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Preamp-60dB-noise-floor-AC.png?resize=1024%2C307&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Preamp-60dB-noise-floor-AC.png?resize=300%2C90&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Preamp-60dB-noise-floor-AC.png?resize=768%2C231&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Preamp-60dB-noise-floor-AC.png?resize=500%2C150&amp;ssl=1 500w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Preamp-60dB-noise-floor-AC.png?w=1306&amp;ssl=1 1306w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 584px) 85vw, 584px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-5494\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">60dB preamp gain noise floor (AC coupling)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>I think I have now what I needed to improve the bench measurements!<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>As part of improving my bench test gear to do sweep tests and impedance measurements, I ended up building a great preamp and buffer gig based on the SSM2019 device as described previously here. Here is the main circuit for the preamp: &nbsp; The circuit is same as described before. I added a rotary switch &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/2016\/04\/17\/differential-buffer-and-preamp\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Differential buffer and preamp&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[5],"tags":[877,878,881,879,880],"class_list":["post-5481","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-valves","tag-fr","tag-fr-sweep-analysis","tag-frequency-response-test","tag-isds2062b","tag-ssm2019"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p2r2tK-1qp","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack-related-posts":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5481","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5481"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5481\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5496,"href":"https:\/\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5481\/revisions\/5496"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5481"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5481"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bartola.co.uk\/valves\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5481"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}